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Taugakerfi tengd ýfingaráhrifum í sjónskynjun : niðurstöður úr taugasálfræði- og segulómmyndunarrannsóknum

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Authors
Árni Kristjánsson
Issue Date
2005-04-01

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Other Titles
Neural correlates of priming in vision: evidence from neuropsychology and neuroimaging
Citation
Læknablaðið 2005, 91(4):345-51
Abstract
When we look around us, we are overall more likely to notice objects that we have recently looked at; an effect known as priming. For example, when the color or shape of a visual search target is repeated, observers find the target faster than otherwise. Here I summarize recent research undertaken to uncover the temporary changes in brain activity that accompany these priming effects. In light of the fact that priming seems to have a large effect on how attention is allocated, we investigated priming effects in a visual search task on patients suffering from the neurological disorder "hemispatial neglect" in which patients typically fail to notice display items in one of their visual hemifields. Priming of target color was relatively normal for these patients, while priming of target location seemed to require awareness of the briefly presented visual search target. An experiment with functional magnetic resonance imaging of normal observers revealed that both color and location priming had a strong modulatory influence on attentional mechanisms of the frontal and parietal cortex. Color priming was also correlated with changes in activity in visual cortex as well as color processing areas in the temporal lobe. Location priming was correlated with changes in activity near the temporo- parietal junction and lateral inferior frontal cortex, areas that have been connected with attentional capture; which ties well with our finding of deficits of location priming for the neglect patients who indeed have lesions in the temporo-parietal junction. Overall, the results confirm the tight coupling of visual attention and priming in vision, and also that the visual areas of the brain show some modulation of activity as priming develops.
Þegar við horfum í kringum okkur erum við að jafnaði líklegri til þess að taka eftir hlutum sem hafa svipaða eiginleika og þeir hlutir sem við höfum nýverið horft á. Dæmi um ýfingu (priming) af þessu tagi er að þegar litur eða lögun mark­áreitis í sjónleitarverkefni er endurtekinn eru þátttakendur að jafnaði fljótari að finna áreitið en annars. Rannsakað var hvaða tímabundnar breytingar verða á heilastarfi mannsins þegar þessi ýfingaráhrif eiga sér stað. Ýfingaráhrifin virðast hafa áhrif á það hverju við veitum athygli hverju sinni og því voru birtingarmyndir ýfingaráhrifa í sjónleitarverkefni athugaðar í sjúklingum með taugabilunina gaumstol (hemispatial neglect) sem má rekja til heilaskemmda í hvirfilblaði heila, og einkennist af truflunum á því að veita áreitum í öðru hvoru sjónsviði athygli. Ýfingaráhrif vegna litar markáreitis voru óbreytt hjá þessum sjúklingum en rannsókn þar sem áreiti voru einungis birt í 200 millisekúndur sýndi að ýfing vegna endurtekinnar staðsetningar markáreitis var háð því að sjúklingarnir tækju eftir markáreitinu. Starfræn segulómmyndunarrannsókn (fMRI) á heilbrigðum þátttakendum leiddi í ljós að taugakerfi í hvirfil- og ennisblaði sem tengjast verkan eftirtektar tengdust ýfingaráhrifum, en jafnframt tengdust litaýfingaráhrif virkni í sjónsvæðum hnakkablaðs og á litasvæðum í gagnaugablaði. Ýfingaráhrif tengd endurtekningu staðsetningar markáreitisins tengdist jafnframt virkni á svæðum á mótum hnakka- og gagnaugablaðs og á hliðlægum hluta ennisblaðs sem hafa verið talin tengd því þegar eitthvað fangar athygli okkar, og eru þessi svæði í gagnauga- og hvirfilblaði einmitt þau svæði sem eru oftast skemmd í gaumstoli. Í heild staðfesta niðurstöðurnar tengsl ýfingaráhrifa í sjónskynjun og eftirtekt, en bera því jafnframt vott að breytingar á virkni í sjónsvæðum heilans tengist ýfingaráhrifum.
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http://www.laeknabladid.is/2005/04/nr/1936
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Icelandic Journal Articles (Peer Reviewed)

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