Electronic control with the CEW (conducted electrical weapon) has gained widespread acceptance as the preferred force option due to its significant injury reduction. However, a CEW application does stress the human body. In the case of the CEW, the human body response is similar to the challenge of physical exercise combined with emotional stress over a very short time interval. There has been concern whether the tension of the skeletal-muscle system together with the emotional stress of being exposed to the effects of a CEW, can lead to severe metabolic dysfunction. A systematic and careful search of the MedLine database was performed to find publications describing pathophysiological effects of CEWs. Additional publications were collected through a manual search of reference lists in retrieved articles. After preliminary exclusions, we carefully reviewed the remaining publications and found 24 papers reporting prospective human clinical research data on adrenergic, ventilation, or metabolic effects. Where there were multiple studies on the same endpoints, we performed meta-analyses. A CEW exposure provides a clinically insignificant increase in heart rate (7.5 BPM) and a drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Alpha-amylase goes down but cortisol levels increase-both epinephrine and norepinephrine levels are increased by levels similar to mild exercise. A CEW exposure increases ventilation but does not appear to interfere with gas exchange. Lactate is increased slightly while the pH is decreased slightly with changes equivalent to mild exercise. The lactate and pH changes appear quickly and do not appear to be affected by increasing the exposure duration from 5 to 30 s. Thorough review and meta-analyses show that electrical weapon exposures have mixed and mild adrenergic effects. Ventilation is increased and there are metabolic changes similar to mild exercise.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with negative health effects for mother and child. The aim was to investigate the association between maternal dietary patterns and GDM.

Nýjustu tölur um líkamsþyngd Íslendingasýna að tæplega 59% fólks á aldrinum 18–80ára er yfir kjörþyngd og þar af flokkast 21%með offitu. Rannsóknir benda til að hlutfallþeirra sem eru of feitir fari vaxandi. Konur ábarneignaraldri fara ekki varhluta af þessariþróun en niðurstöður fjölda rannsóknahafa sýnt tengsl offitu við ýmis vandamál ogsjúkdóma tengdum meðgöngu og fæðingu.Í þessari grein er varpað ljósi á þá stöðusem ríkir hér á landi varðandi yfirþyngd ogofþyngd kvenna á meðgöngu og afleiðingarþess en rannsóknir sýna að konur á barnsburðaraldri18–39 ára eru of þungar í 41%tilvika og þar af eru 18% of feitar. Nokkrarerlendar rannsóknir hafa sýnt fram á að meðþví að nota hvatningaviðtöl, næringarráðgjöfog upplýsingar um hreyfingu megi hafa áhrif áþyngdaraukningu kvenna á meðgöngu. Flestaríhlutunarrannsóknir eru þó með litlu úrtaki ogí fáum þeirra er konum fylgt eftir að fæðingulokinni.Mikilvægt er að horfa á offitu semviðfangsefni þar sem fjöldi þátta hefur áhrif.Í öllum tilfellum þarf að huga að mataræðiog næringu konunnar og næringarráðgjöfsem felur í sér hvatningu og kennslu er þvínauðsynleg. Þá þarf að virkja eiginleika ífari hvers einstaklings til að sem hagstæðustútkoma fáist fyrir móður og barn. Í greininnikynnum við hugmyndafræði sem nota má viðþróun íhlutana fyrir konur á meðgöngu sembyggir á því að nota styrkleika hverrar ogeinnar konu samfara því að veita fræðslu ográðgjöf á einstaklingsbundinn hátt .

Conducted Electrical Weapons (CEWs) are being used as the preferred non-lethal force option for police and special forces worldwide. This new technology challenges an exposed opponent similarly to the way they would be challenged by physical exercise combined with emotional stress. While adrenergic and metabolic effects have been meta-analyzed and reviewed, there has been no systematic review of the effects of CEWs on skeletal and cardiac muscle. A systematic and careful search of the MedLine database was performed to find publications describing pathophysiological cardiac and skeletal muscle effects of CEWs. For skeletal muscle effects, we analyzed all publications providing changes in creatine kinase, myoglobin and potassium. For cardiac effects, we analyzed reported troponin changes and arrhythmias related to short dart-to-heart-distances. Conducted electrical weapons satisfy all relevant electrical safety standards and there are, to date, no proven electrocution incidents caused by CEWs. A potential cardiovascular risk has been recognized by some of the experimental animal data. The effects on the heart appear to be limited to instances when there is a short dart-to-heart-distance. The effect on the skeletal muscle system appears to be negligible. A responsible use of a CEW on a healthy adult, within the guidelines proposed by the manufacturer, does not imply a significant health risk for that healthy adult.

The objective of cancer treatment is to secure survival. However, as chemotherapeutic agents can affect the central and peripheral nervous systems, patients must undergo a process of central compensation. We explored the effectiveness of this compensation process by measuring postural behaviour in adult survivors of childhood cancer treated with chemotherapy (CTS). We recruited sixteen adults treated with chemotherapy in childhood for malignant solid (non-CNS) tumours and 25 healthy age-matched controls. Subjects performed posturography with eyes open and closed during quiet and perturbed standing. Repeated balance perturbations through calf vibrations were used to study postural adaptation. Subjects were stratified into two groups (treatment before or from 12 years of age) to determine age at treatment effects. Both quiet (p = 0.040) and perturbed standing (p ≤ 0.009) were significantly poorer in CTS compared to controls, particularly with eyes open and among those treated younger. Moreover, CTS had reduced levels of adaptation compared to controls, both with eyes closed and open. Hence, adults treated with chemotherapy for childhood cancer may suffer late effects of poorer postural control manifested as reduced contribution of vision and as reduced adaptation skills. These findings advocate development of chemotherapeutic agents that cause fewer long-term side effects when used for treating children.