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Alvarlegar aukaverkanir kíníns : sjö sjúkratilfelli

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Authors
Þorvarður R. Hálfdanarson
Ásbjörn Sigfússon
Vilhelmína Haraldsdóttir
Sigurður B. Þorsteinsson
Runólfur Pálsson,
Issue Date
2002-10-01

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Other Titles
Severe adverse effects of quinine: Report of seven cases
Citation
Læknablaðið 2002, 88(10):717-22
Abstract
Objective: Quinine is a drug which is mainly used for prevention of nocturnal leg cramps. Serious side effects of this drug have been described in recent years, including cytopenias and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. We report seven cases of severe adverse effects of quinine. Material and methods: Seven patients who were hospitalized with adverse effects of quinine during the period 1978-2000 are described. Medical records were reviewed with respect to clinical and laboratory features. Serum samples from three patients were tested for quinine-dependent antibodies against platelets and/or granulocytes by flow cytometry. Results: All patients were females aged 52 to 79 years, who were taking quinine for nocturnal leg cramps. Five of the patients experienced recurrent episodes of fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, and three had abdominal pain as well. Two of these patients had pancytopenia, one of whom had evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation. One had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Two patients developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. One of them suffered irreversible renal failure requiring maintenance hemodialysis. One year later she underwent successful kidney transplantation. All patients had taken quinine several hours prior to the onset of symptoms. In two cases the clinical findings were reproduced by the administration of quinine. Quinine-dependent IgG antibodies against platelets were detected in two patients and against granulocytes in one patient. Conclusions: These cases illustrate the severe adverse effects that can be caused by quinine. Five patients had solid evidence for side effects of quinine being the cause of their illness and strong suggestions of association with the drug were present in two patients. In view of potentially life-threatening side effects, it appears prudent to prohibit the availability of quinine over the counter. Furthermore, it is important that physicians thoroughly consider the indication for each prescription of quinine and remain vigilant toward its side effects.
Inngangur: Kínín er lyf sem nú er einkum notað til að fyrirbyggja vöðvakrampa í ganglimum að næturlagi. Á síðustu árum hefur verið lýst svæsnum aukaverkunum af völdum lyfsins, svo sem blóðkornafæð og blóðlýsu- og nýrnabilunarheilkenni. Við greinum frá sjö tilfellum alvarlegra aukaverkana kíníns. Efniviður og aðferðir: Lýst er sjö sjúklingum sem voru lagðir inn á sjúkrahús vegna aukaverkana kíníns á árunum 1978-2000. Aflað var upplýsinga úr sjúkraskrám um klínísk einkenni og niðurstöður rannsókna. Hjá þremur sjúklingum var gerð leit að kínínháðum mótefnum gegn blóðflögum og/eða kleyfkyrningum í sermi með flæðisfrumugreiningu. Niðurstöður: Allir sjúklingarnir voru konur á aldrinum 52-79 ára sem tóku kínín vegna vöðvakrampa í ganglimum. Fimm kvennanna fengu endurtekin skammvinn köst að næturlagi með hita, hrolli, ógleði og uppköstum og voru þrjár einnig með kviðverki. Tvær höfðu enn fremur blóðkornafæð og hafði önnur þeirra merki um blóðstorkusótt. Þá var ein kvennanna með fækkun á blóðflögum og hvítum blóðkornum. Tvær kvennanna fengu blóðlýsu- og nýrnabilunarheilkenni ásamt blóðstorkusótt. Svæsin nýrnabilun annarrar konunnar var óafturkræf og fékk hún blóðskilunarmeðferð um tíma en gekkst síðar undir nýrnaígræðslu með góðum árangri. Allir sjúklingarnir reyndust hafa tekið kínín fáeinum klukkustundum fyrir upphaf einkenna. Hjá tveimur sjúklingum voru klínísk einkenni framkölluð með gjöf kíníns. Þá fundust kínínháð IgG mótefni gegn blóðflögum hjá tveimur sjúklingum og gegn kleyfkyrningum hjá einum. Ályktanir: Þau tilfelli sem hér er lýst endurspegla vel þær alvarlegu aukaverkanir sem kínín getur valdið. Hjá fimm sjúklingum var sýnt fram á aukaverkun kíníns með traustum rökum og hjá tveimur voru sterkar vísbendingar um tengsl við lyfið. Með hliðsjón af lífshættulegum aukaverkunum lyfsins verður það að teljast skynsamleg ráðstöfun að heimila ekki sölu þess án ávísunar læknis. Mikilvægt er að læknar ígrundi vel hverja ábendingu fyrir ávísun kíníns og séu á varðbergi gegn hættulegum aukaverkunum þess.
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