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Bandvefsstofnfrumur : yfirlitsgrein

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Authors
Ólafur E. Sigurjónsson
Kristbjörn Orri Guðmundsson
Sveinn Guðmundsson.
Issue Date
2001-07-01

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Other Titles
Mesenchymal stem cells. A review
Citation
Læknablaðið 2001, 87(7-8):627-32
Abstract
The bone marrow contains various types of stem cells. Among them are hematopoietic stem cells, which are the precursors of all blood cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have recently received a lot of attention in biological research because of their capability to self renewal, to expand and transdifferentiate into many different cell types; bone cells, adipocytes, chondrocytes, tendocytes, neural cells and stromal cells of the bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured in vitro although their differentiation potential is not yet fully understood. Several experiments have been conducted in animal models where mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted in order to enhance hematopoiesis or to facilitate the repair of mesenchymal tissue. Similar experiments are being conducted in humans. Mesenchymal stem cells are believed to be able to enhance hematopoietic stem cells transplantation by rebuilding the bone marrow microenvironment which is damaged after radiation- and/or chemotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells are promising as vehicles for gene transfer and therapy. It may prove possible to tranduce them with a gene coding for a defective protein i.e. collagen I in osteogenesis imperfecta. The cells could then be expanded ex vivo and transplanted to the patients where they home to the bone marrow, differentiate and produce the intact protein. Future medicine will probably involve mesenchymal stem cells in various treatment settings.
Í beinmergnum er að finna ýmsar gerðir stofnfrumna. Meðal þeirra eru blóðmyndandi stofnfrumur (hematopoietic stem cells) og bandvefsstofnfrumur (mesenchymal stem cells). Rannsóknir á líffræði bandvefsstofnfrumna benda til að þær hafi hæfileika til að endurnýja sjálfar sig, fjölga sér og sérhæfast í margar mismunandi frumugerðir: beinfrumur, fitufrumur, brjóskfrumur, frumur sina, taugafrumur og stoðfrumur beinmergs (stromal cells). Mögulegt er að rækta þessar frumur in vitro þó ekki sé til fullnustu þekkt hvernig sérhæfing þeirra á sér stað. Í fjölmörgum dýratilraunum hafa bandvefsstofnfrumur verið græddar í dýrin með það fyrir augum að laga mismunandi tegundir bandvefs og/eða ýta undir blóðmyndun. Tilraunir í mönnum hafa verið gerðar í svipuðum tilgangi. Bandvefsstofnfrumur eru taldar geta eflt ígræðslur með blóðmyndandi stofnfrumum með því að byggja upp beinmergsumhverfið sem verður fyrir skemmdum við geisla- og/eða lyfjameðferð. Bandvefsstofnfrumur eru ákjósanlegar sem markfrumur í genameðferð. Hægt er að setja inn í þær gen sem skráir fyrir ákveðnu prótíni sem skortur er á, til dæmis kollageni I í beinbrotasýki (osteogenesis imperfecta). Síðan eru frumurnar látnar fjölga sér ex vivo og græddar í sjúkling þar sem þær rata sjálfkrafa í beinmerginn, sérhæfast og mynda það prótín sem vantar. Bandvefsstofnfrumur munu væntanlega nýtast við meðhöndlun ýmissa sjúkdóma í framtíðinni.
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