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Authors
Hannes Petersen
Issue Date
2012-12

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Other Titles
Seasickness
Citation
Læknablaðið 2012, 98(12):653-9
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the physiological basis, clinical picture and treatment opportunities of motion sickness. Motion sickness can occur when sensory inputs from body orientation and movements in space contradict or differ from those predicted from experience. In that case disturbing symptoms can occur when a person is exposed to unfamiliar movement or perceived movement in the environment. Best known is when this occurs at sea, referred to as sea sickness. Despite progress in the technology and comfort of modern sea transit and transportation (ships, planes and overland vehicles) a great number of workers and travellers still experience motion sickness, with its coexisting risks of accidents. A survey performed on Icelandic seamen indicates that up to 80% experience seasickness when at sea and up to 80% experience mal de debarquement. Bouts are characterized by an initial phase of mild discomfort followed by neurologic and gastro-intestinal manifestations. The delay in onset depends on specific circumstances and individual susceptibility. Signals from the vestibular system are essential for triggering motion sickness, where vestibuloautonomic pathways that typically subserve homeostasis play the key role. Attacks are precipitated by conflicting sensory, visual and vestibular signals but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The neural pathways that produce nausea and vomiting during motion sickness are presumed to be similar to those that generate illness after ingestion of toxins. Most medications used for prevention and treatment induce unwanted sedation, that both reduce ability to cope with the situation and delay the most wanted adaptation. Furthermore, no one drug is completely effective or preventive under all conditions.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Með yfirlitsgrein þessari er reynt að varpa ljósi á sjóveiki, orsakir hennar, einkenni og meðferðarúrræði. Sjóveiki kemur fram þegar skynjun okkar á staðsetningu og hreyfingu líkamans er óraunveruleg eða ófyrirsjáanleg. Þrátt fyrir framfarir í hönnun og smíði skipa og annarra farartækja herjar hreyfiveiki á farþega og starfsmenn sem um borð eru. Könnun, gerð í Slysavarnaskóla sjómanna, þar sem sjómenn voru inntir eftir vinnu á sjó og hvort þeir hafi fundið fyrir sjóveiki og sjóriðu, sýndi að um 80% íslenskra sjómanna upplifa sjóveiki við störf og sjóriðu þegar í land er komið. Einkenni sjóveiki eru margvísleg en best þekktu og þau sem flestir tengja sjóveiki eru ógleði og uppköst, enda eru þau mest truflandi, um leið og þau undirstrika veikleika og vanmátt þeirra er í hlut eiga. Einkennin eru tilkomin vegna skynárekstar sjónar, jafnvægis- og stöðuskyns en þáttur jafnvægis er mikilvægastur, sérstaklega tengslin við starf ósjálfráða taugakerfisins sem miðlar boðum ógleði og uppkasta. Engin lyf lækna sjóveiki, fá hafa reynst árangursrík við meðhöndlun á sjóveiki og þá aðeins með því að draga úr einkennum, en mörg þeirra hafa þá aukaverkun að slæva miðtaugakerfið og þar með taugabrautir sem flytja árekstraráreitin, en það tefur bata sem felst í aðlögun að hinu hreyfiríka umhverfi. „Það eru til þrjár manngerðir, þeir lifandi, þeir dauðu og þeir sjóveiku.“ Anacharsis1, grískur heimspekingur, 6. öld f. Kr.
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