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Kannanir á mataræði og næringargildi fæðunnar á Íslandi

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Authors
Laufey Steingrímsdóttir
Hrund Valgeirsdóttir
Þórhallur I. Halldórsson,
Ingibjörg Gunnarsdóttir
Elva Gísladóttir
Hólmfríður Þorgeirsdóttir,
Inga Þórsdóttir
Issue Date
2014-12

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Other Titles
National nutrition surveys and dietary changes in Iceland. Economic differences in healthy eating.
Citation
Læknablaðið 2014,100 (12):659-664
Abstract
Inngangur: Landskannanir á mataræði veita ítarlegar upplýsingar um neyslu matvæla og næringarefna. Hér eru bornar saman niðurstöður úr tveimur síðustu landskönnunum, árin 2002 og 2010-2011, og könnuð tengsl hollustu fæðisins við erfiðleika fólks við að ná endum saman. Eins er lýst breytingum í hlutfallslegri skiptingu orkuefna í fæði frá 1990. Efniviður og aðferðir: Þátttakendur voru valdir með slembiúrtaki úr þjóðskrá. Lokaúrtak var 1912 manns árið 2010-2011 og 1934 árið 2002, svarhlutföll 68,6% og 70,6%. Mataræði var kannað með sólarhringsupprifjun. Samanburður á meðalneyslu var metinn með T-prófi og hollusta fæðunnar, eftir því hversu auðvelt eða erfitt þátttakendur áttu með að ná endum saman, með línulegri aðhvarfsgreiningu. Niðurstöður: Minna var borðað af brauði, kexi og kökum, smjörlíki, farsvörum og snakki og minna drukkið af nýmjólk og sykruðum gosdrykkjum árin 2010-2011 en 2002. Meira var af grófu brauði, hafragraut, ávöxtum, grænmeti og kjöti og fleiri tóku lýsi 2010-2011 en 2002, fiskneysla stóð í stað. Fituneysla minnkaði frá 1990 til 2010-2011 úr 41E% í 35E%, mettaðar fitusýrur úr 20,0E% í 14,5E% og transfitusýrur úr 2,0E% í 0,8E%. Stærstur hluti breytinganna var milli 1990 og 2002. Fólk sem átti erfitt með að ná endum saman 2010-2011 borðaði minna af grænmeti, ávöxtum og grófu brauði og drakk meira af sykruðum gosdrykkjum en hinir sem áttu auðvelt með það. Ályktun: Breytingar á mataræði þjóðarinnar frá 2002 hafa að mestu leyti verið í hollustuátt. Milli áranna 1990 og 2002 minnkaði fituneysla og hlutfall mettaðra fitusýra og transfitusýra lækkaði, en minni breytingar urðu frá 2002 til 2010-2011. Efnahagur tengist hollustu fæðis á Íslandi.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction. Here we compare results on food and nutrient intake from the two most recent Icelandic national nutrition surveys from 2010/11 and 2002 and compare intake of energy giving nutrients from 1990. Finally we assess associations beween a healthy diet and difficulties people have in making ends meet. Materials and methods. Participants were selected by a random sample from the national register. Final sample was 1912 individuals in 2010/11 and 1934 in 2002, response rate 68.6% and 70.6% respectively. Diet was assessed by 24-hour recall. Results from the surveys were calculated using t-test and sssociations between a healthy diet and difficulties making ends meet by linear regression. Results. Consumption of bread, bisquits, cakes and cookies, margarine, highly processed meat products, chips, sugared soft drinks and whole milk was lower in 2010/11 than in 2002 while consumption of whole grain bread, oat meal, fruits, vegetables, meat and cod liver oil was higher. Fish intake was unchanged. Fat intake decreased from 1990 to 2010/11, from 41E% to 35E%, saturated fatty acids from 20.0E% to 14.5E% and trans-fatty acids from 2.0E% to 0.8E%. Most of the changes occurred between 1990 and 2002. People having difficulties making ends meet consumed less fruits, vegetables and whole grain bread but more soft drinks in 2010/11 than those not having difficulties. Conclusion. Dietary changes in Iceland from 2002 have mostly been toward recommended intake. Between 1990 and 2002 fat consumption decreased considerably, while less significant changes occurred from 2002 til 2010/11. Economic status is associated with healthy diet in Iceland.
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