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Beratíðni β-hemólýtískra streptókokka af flokki B meðal þungaðra kvenna á Íslandi og smitun nýbura

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Authors
Ingibjörg Bjarnadóttir
Karl G Kristinsson
Arnar Hauksson
Arnar Vilbergsson
Gestur Pálsson
Atli Dagbjartsson
Issue Date
2003-02-01

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Other Titles
Carriage of group B beta-haemolytic streptococci among pregnant women in Iceland and colonisation of their newborn infants
Citation
Læknablaðið 2003, 89(2):111-5
Abstract
Objective: To determine the carrier rate of group B beta-haemolytic streptococci (GBS) of pregnant women in Iceland and the colonisation of their newborns. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted from October 1994 until October 1997, where culture specimens for GBS were taken from vagina and rectum of pregnant women attending the prenatal clinics at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital and the Reykjavik Health Centre. The samples were taken at 23 and 36 weeks gestation and at delivery. Culture samples were also taken from axilla, umbilical area and pharynx of their newborn infants immediately after birth. Included in the study were pregnant women born on every fourth day of each month. Carrier state was not treated during pregnancy, but Penicillin G was given i.v. at delivery if the last culture before delivery was positive and gestational age was <37 weeks, rupture of membranes was >12 hours before delivery or the mother had a fever >38 degrees C. Results: Cultures were taken from 280 women and their children. GBS carrier rate of pregnant women in Iceland was 24.3%. Twelve newborns had GBS positive cultures. No newborn had a confirmed septicemia. Cultures from 25% of newborns, who s mothers were still GBS carriers at birth, were positive for GBS. Positive predictive value of cultures taken at 23 weeks gestation was 64% and 78% at 36 weeks. Negative predictive value was 95% and 99% respectively. Conclusion: One out of every four pregnant women in Iceland is a GBS carrier. Twentyfive percent of newborns become colonised with GBS if the mother is a GBS carrier at delivery. When screening for GBS carrier state is done cultures from both vagina and rectum is more sensitive than cultures from vagina only. At least five percent of all newborns in Iceland are therefore expected to have positive skin cultures at birth. If the mother does not have positive GBS cultures during pregnancy, the likelihood that she will give birth to a GBS colonised child is almost none.
Inngangur: Blóðsýkingar hjá nýburum eru enn alvarlegt sjúkdómsástand með hárri dánartíðni. Í rannsókn á faraldsfræði blóðsýkinga meðal nýbura á Íslandi á árunum 1976 til 1995 voru blóðsýkingar staðfestar hjá tveimur af hverjum 1000 lifandi fæddum börnum og dánartíðni var 17%. Nýgengi blóðsýkinga af völdum b-hemólýtískra streptókokka af flokki B (GBS) fór verulega vaxandi á rannsóknartímabilinu og var orðið 0,9/1000 á síðustu fimm árunum. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að kanna beratíðni GBS meðal þungaðra kvenna á Íslandi og smitun nýbura í fæðingu þess vegna. Efniviður og aðferðir: Gerð var framsýn rannsókn þar sem tekin voru strok frá neðri hluta legganga og endaþarmi þungaðra kvenna á 23. og 36. viku meðgöngu svo og í fæðingu. Einnig voru tekin strok frá holhönd, nafla og koki nýburanna þegar eftir fæðingu. Úrtakið voru þungaðar konur sem fæddar voru fjórða hvern dag hvers mánaðar og komu til mæðraeftirlits á Kvennadeild Landspítalans eða Heilsuverndarstöð Reykjavíkur á tímabilinu frá október 1994 til október 1997. Ekki voru gefin sýklalyf til að uppræta berastig á meðgöngu, en hins vegar var Penisillín G gefið í æð í fæðingunni ef síðasta ræktun fyrir fæðingu var jákvæð fyrir GBS og jafnframt einu eða fleiri af eftirtöldum skilyrðum fullnægt: Meðgöngulengd <37 vikur, legvatn farið >12 klukkustundum fyrir fæðingu eða hiti >38°C. Niðurstöður: Sýni voru tekin frá 280 konum. Beratíðni þungaðra kvenna hérlendis reyndist vera 24,3%. Tólf börn reyndust hafa GBS í ræktunarsýnum sem tekin voru þegar eftir fæðingu. Ekkert barn í rannsókninni fékk staðfesta blóðsýkingu. Fjórðungur (25%) barna þeirra kvenna, sem enn voru GBS berar í fæðingunni, smitaðist. Jákvætt forspárgildi GBS sýnatöku við 23 vikna meðgöngu er 64% en 78% við 36 vikna meðgöngu. Neikvætt forspárgildi er samsvarandi 95% og 99%. Ályktun: Fjórðungur þungaðra kvenna á Íslandi ber GBS í leggöngum eða endaþarmi. Tuttugu og fimm prósent barna þeirra smitast af sýklinum við fæðingu. Þannig má reikna með að 5% allra nýbura á Íslandi á umræddu tímabili hafi smitast af GBS við fæðingu. Ef verðandi móðir er ekki GBS beri samkvæmt ræktunum frá leggöngum og endaþarmi á meðgöngunni, eru hverfandi líkur á að barn hennar smitist af GBS í fæðingunni.
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