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Breytingar á reykingavenjum miðaldra og eldri Íslendinga síðastliðin þrjátíu ár og ástæður þeirra : niðurstöður úr hóprannsóknum Hjartaverndar

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Authors
Nikulás Sigfússon
Gunnar Sigurðsson
Helgi Sigvaldason
Vilmundur Guðnason
Issue Date
2003-06-01

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Other Titles
Changes in smoking habits in the last thirty years in middle-aged Icelanders and their causes - Results from population surveys of the Icelandic Heart Association
Citation
Læknablaðið 2003, 89(6):489-98
Abstract
Objective: During the last thirty years the Research Clinic of the Icelandic Heart Association has been engaged in several extensive cardiovascular population surveys. Smoking habits have been assessed by a questionnaire and the purpose of the present study is to describe the changes in smoking habits during the period 1967-2001, their causes and the reliability of the information gathered. Material and methods: The subjects were participants in four population surveys: The Reykjavik Study 1967-1996, Survey of "Young People" 1973-1974 and 1983-1985, MONICA Risk Factor Surveys 1983, 1988-1989 and 1993-1994 and the "Reykjavik Offspring Study" 1997-2001. The age of participants was 30-88 years and 26,311 examinations of males and 26,222 of females were performed, a number of individuals attending more often than once. A standardized smoking questionnaire was used and the reliability was assessed. Results: Smoking prevalence decreased substantially in both sexes during the study period. In the youngest male group the prevalence decreased from 65% to 42%, but in the oldest from 45% to 19%, while in the youngest female group the decrease was from 50% to 35% but in the oldest age group from 30% to 20%. The decrease in smoking was almost exclusively in the category of "light smokers" (i.e. 1-14 cigarettes a day or pipe/cigar smoker). The main reasons for quitting smoking were concerns about health and symptoms associated with smoking and the cost. The cost had greater weight at the beginning of the period than during the latter part but health concerns seem to be increasingly important. Compared to other countries smoking prevalence in Icelandic males is low but high in females. Conclusion: During the last three decades smoking prevalence in Icelanders 30 years and older has decreased substantially. The main reasons for quitting smoking are health concerns and cost. Continued information about the deleterious effects of smoking as well as increase in the price of tobacco is likely to reduce further the smoking prevalence.
Tilgangur: Rannsóknarstöð Hjartaverndar hefur um þriggja áratuga skeið staðið fyrir umfangsmiklum hóprannsóknum á fullorðnu fólki með tilliti til hjarta- og æðasjúkdóma og áhættuþátta þeirra. Í þessum rannsóknum hafa reykingavenjur verið kannaðar með spurningalista. Hér verður gerð grein fyrir þeim breytingum sem orðið hafa á reykingavenjum, hverjar eru orsakir þeirra og hversu áreiðanlegar þessar upplýsingar eru. Efniviður og aðferðir: Þátttakendur komu úr fjórum hóprannsóknum Hjartaverndar: Hóprannsókn Hjartaverndar á Reykjavíkursvæðinu 1967-1996, Rannsókn á "Ungu fólki" 1973-1974 og 1983-1985, MONICA rannsókninni á Íslandi 1983, 1988-1989 og 1993-1994 og Afkomendarannsókn Hjartaverndar 1997-2001. Þátttakendur voru á aldrinum 30-88 ára. Alls fóru fram 26.311 skoðanir á körlum og 26.222 á konum. Staðlaður spurningalisti var notaður til að kanna reykingavenjur og áreiðanleiki hans metinn. Niðurstöður: Heildartíðni reykinga minnkaði verulega bæði meðal karla og kvenna á tímabilinu. Í yngsta karlahópi minnkaði tíðni reykinga úr 65% í 42% en í þeim elsta úr 45% í 19%, en meðal kvenna úr 50% í 35% í þeim yngsta en úr 30% í 20% í þeim elsta. Þessi minnkun reykinga er að langmestu leyti bundin við þá sem reykja lítið, það er 1-14 sígarettur á dag eða pípu/vindla. Algengustu ástæður er ótti við heilsuspillandi áhrif þeirra, líkamleg einkenni tengd reykingum og kostnaður. Kostnaður vó þyngra fyrr á árum en nú, en áhyggjur af heilsunni hafa fengið aukið vægi. Tíðni sígarettureykinga er nú meiri meðal kvenna en karla á Íslandi. Í samanburði við aðrar þjóðir er tíðni reykinga meðal íslenskra karla með því lægsta sem gerist en kvenna með því hæsta. Ályktun: Á undanförnum þrem áratugum hefur reykingatíðni meðal Íslendinga 30 ára og eldri minnkað verulega. Umtalsverður munur hefur þó orðið á reykingavenjum karla og kvenna. Helstu ástæður þess að fólk hættir að reykja er ótti við heilsuspillandi áhrif reykinga, en kostnaður er einnig mikilvæg ástæða. Ætla má að með áframhaldandi fræðslu um skaðsemi reykinga og verðhækkun á tóbaki megi draga enn frekar úr reykingum meðal þjóðarinnar.
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