Asthma: an inflammatory mediator soup

Abstract

Reversible or partially reversible airway obstruction, inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli are the defining characteristics of asthma. Airway obstruction in asthma is a complex event that is due to bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus formation. Inflammation has assumed a more central role in the pathogenesis of the disease, as it contributes not only to airflow obstruction, but also to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The inciting trigger, or inhaled allergen, in asthma induces the activation of mast cells and macrophages with the subsequent release of several proinflammatory mediators, including leukotrienes, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. Antigen processed by macrophages is presented to undifferentiated T helper cells, inducing differentiation to the Th2 phenotype, with the subsequent release of IL-4 and IL-5, causing IgE synthesis and eosinophil infiltration, respectively. Macrophage-derived cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, activate endothelial cells, upregulating the expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which permit egression of leukocytes from the vasculature to the airway mucosa. Several inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages, not only cause airway damage, but also synthesize cytokines that perpetuate the inflammatory process. This complex interplay of inflammatory cells and mediators causes the classic histopathophysiologic features in the airways of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with asthma, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and antiinflammatory treatment.