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Notagildi sameindaerfðafræðinnar í krabbameinslækningum

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Authors
Kristján Skúli Ásgeirsson
Útgáfudagur
1998-10-01

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Önnur málmynd
Implications of molecular biology in clinical oncology
Citation
Læknablaðið 1998, 84(10):721-35
Útdráttur
In the past two decades there has been an ever increasing understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation. It is now well established that the development of neoplasia is due to the accumulation of alterations in specific genes. Alterations in both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are now recognized as crucial factors in this process. The knowledge that these studies have brought forth is starting to have effects on clinical oncology. Not only may it help in diagnosing patients who could benefit from prophylactic measures, but also open possibilities of diagnosing cancer sooner than is done today. Furthermore, the assessment of specific genetic alterations can help to define prognosis more accurately and enable clinicians to target treatment more effectively. Because of this it is important that clinicians have a basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this article is to give such an understanding and review the studies that have made significant contributions to present day knowledge. Finally, the clinical implications of these studies are addressed.
Síðastliðna tvo áratugi hefur skilningur vísindamanna aukist á þeim sameindaerfðafræðilegu breytingum sem liggja að baki myndun krabbameina. Nú er vitað að krabbameinsmyndun er afleiðing uppsafnaðra erfðaefnisbreytinga í ákveðnum genum. Breytingar í bæði æxlisgenum (oncogenes) og bæligenum (tumor-suppressor genes) eru talin gegna þar mikilvægu hlutverki. Niðurstöður rannsókna sem liggja að baki þessari auknu þekkingu eru farnar að hafa áhrif á ýmsum sviðum krabbameinslækninga. Þannig hefur sá möguleiki nú opnast að skilgreina betur hvaða sjúklingar hafa hag af fyrirbyggjandi meðferð. Einnig getur vitneskja um ákveðnar erfðaefnisskemmdir betur sagt til um horfur sjúklinga með viss krabbamein en nútíma aðferðir bjóða upp á, auk þess sem meðferð þeirra gæti verið markvissari. Af þessum ástæðum er mikilvægt að læknar hafi grundvallarþekkingu á þeim erfðaefnisbreytingum sem skipta máli í myndun krabbameins. Tilgangur þessarar greinar er að fjalla um helstu erfðaefnisbreytingarnar og þær rannsóknir sem liggja að baki núverandi þekkingar á þessu sviði. Framlag íslenskra vísindamanna til rannsókna af þessu tagi er stórt og hafa þeir birt niðurstöður sínar í mörgum virtum vísindatímaritum. Hluta þessara rannsókna verður getið hér.
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