Lækning, trú og töfrar - samþætting og þróun fram yfir siðaskipti
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Authors
Ólína Kjerúlf ÞorvarðardóttirÚtgáfudagur
2017-12-06
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Læknablaðið2017,103(12):543-550Útdráttur
Tengsl lækninga við trú og töfra eru þekkt frá fornu fari af elstu bókum og samofin langt fram eftir öldum. Lækningar og lyfjagerð voru stundaðar og þróaðar í klaustrum, bæði hérlendis og á meginlandi Evrópu. Úr klaustrunum færðust þessi vísindi yfir í háskólana eftir því sem þeir urðu til. Samhliða þróuðust alþýðulækningarnar sem áfram voru iðkaðar um alla Evrópu, sprottnar af hinum lærðu, fornu lækningum. Á það ekki síst við um grasalækningarnar sem eru fyrsta form og grundvöllur nútíma lyflækninga. Hér á eftir verður nánar vikið að samþættingu trúar, töfra og lækninga í elstu íslensku heimildum. Litið verður til bókmenntaarfsins, elstu lækningahandrita og ekki síst galdrarita 17. aldarinnar sem urðu tilefni brennudóma yfir fjölda Íslendinga eftir að galdraofsóknirnar í Evrópu teygðu anga sína hingað til lands. Í þessum heimildum má greina ákveðna þróun sem sýnir að 16. og 17. öld voru þekkingarlegt hnignunarskeið hvað lækningar varðar. Lærðar lækningar voru um þær mundir skammt á veg komnar líkt og í nágrannalöndum og óljós skil milli lærðra og leikmanna. Á sama tíma og fólk var brennt á báli fyrir það sem í galdraskræðurnar var skráð iðkuðu menntamenn danska ríkisins lækningar sem vert er að bera saman við fyrrnefndar heimildir og spyrja: Hvar lágu skilin milli töfra og vísinda – milli læknis og galdramanns?The conjunction between medical practice, religion and magic becomes rather visible when one peers into old scripts and ancient literature. Before the foundation and diffusion of universities of the continent, the european convents and cloisters were the centers of medical knowledge and -practice for centuries. Alongside the scholarly development of medical science, driven from the roots of the eldest scholarly medicial practice, the practice of folk-medicin flourished and thrived all over Europe, not least the herbal-medicine which is the original form and foundation for modern pharmacy. This article deals with the conjunction of religion, magic and medical practice in ancient Icelandic sources such as the Old-Norse literature, medical-scripts from the 12th – 15th century Iceland, and not least the Icelandic magical-scripts (galdrakver) of the 17th century. The last mentioned documents were used as evidence in several witch-trials that led convicted witches to suffer executions at the stake once the wave of European witch-persecutions had rushed ashore in 17th century Iceland. These sources indicate a decline of medical knowledge and science in the 16th and 17th century Iceland, the medical practice being rather undeveloped at the time – in Iceland as in other parts of Europe – therefore a rather unclear margin between „the learned and the laymen“. While common people and folk-healers were convicted as witches to suffer at the stake for possession of magical scripts and healing-books, some scholars of the state of Danmark were practicing healing-methods that deserve to be compared to the activities of the former ones. That comparison raises an inevitable question of where to draw the line between the learned medical man and the magician of 17th century Iceland, that is between Magic and Science.
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10.17992/lbl.2017.12.165
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