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Meðferð gjörgæslusjúklinga með sjálfsprottnar innanskúmsblæðingar - yfirlitsgrein

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Authors
Eyrún Arna Kristinsdóttir
Sigrún Ásgeirsdóttir
Halldór Skúlason
Aron Björnsson
Vilhjálmur Vilmarsson
Kristinn Sigvaldason
Issue Date
2021-11

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Other Titles
Critical care management of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage – a review
Citation
Eyrún Arna Kristinsdóttir, Sigrún Ásgeirsdóttir, Halldór Skúlason, Aron Björnsson, Vilhjálmur Vilmarsson, Kristinn Sigvaldason. Meðferð gjörgæslusjúklinga með sjálfsprottnar innanskúmsblæðingar: yfirlitsgrein. Læknablaðið. 2021; 107(11): 529-33. doi: 10.17992/lbl.2021.11.661
Abstract
Sjálfsprottnar innanskúmsblæðingar eru blæðingar inn í innanskúmshol heilans sem ekki eru afleiðingar áverka. Algengasta orsökin er brostinn æðagúll í slagæðakerfi heilans. Þessum blæðingum geta fylgt alvarlegir fylgikvillar, svo sem endurblæðing, æðasamdráttur og heilablóðþurrð. Dánartíðni er há og stór hluti þeirra sem lifir af situr uppi með langtíma afleiðingar blæðingarinnar. Lokun á blæðingarstað er lykilatriði í meðferð þessara sjúklinga en slíkt inngrip ber að framkvæma sem allra fyrst, eða innan 72 klukkustunda. Þörf er á nánu eftirliti á gjörgæsludeild þar sem áhersla er lögð á nákvæma blóðþrýstingsstjórnun, vöktun á vökvajafnvægi og blóðsöltum og náið eftirlit með meðvitundarstigi. Allir sjúklingar með sjálfsprottna innanskúmsblæðingu ætti að meðhöndla með kalsíumhemlinum nímódipíni sem sýnt hefur verið fram á að minnki hættuna á æðasamdrætti og heilablóðþurrð sem er meðal alvarlegustu fylgikvillar þessara blæðinga.
Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage is characterized by extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space without a preceding trauma. The leading cause is a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Serious neurologic complications can occur, such as rebleeding, cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Subarachnoid haemorrhage is a serious condition with a high mortality rate and those who survive often suffer long-term consequences. Prevention of rebleeding by aneurysm repair is essential and guidelines recommend this procedure should be done as soon as possible or within 72 hours. Management requires intensive care with emphasis on accurate blood pressure control, maintaining normal fluid and electrolyte balance and monitoring the level of consciousness. All patients should be treated with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine to reduce the risk of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia which are among the most serious complications of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
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https://www.laeknabladid.is/tolublod/2021/11/nr/7860
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Icelandic Journal Articles (Peer Reviewed)

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