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Rannsóknir á bakteríusjúkdómum í laxfiskum

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Authors
Bjarnheiður K. Guðmundsdóttir
Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
Bergljót Magnadóttir
Sigurður Helgason
Issue Date
1996-01-01

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Other Titles
Research in bacterial diseases of salmonid fish
Citation
Læknablaðið 1996, 86(1):72-7
Abstract
The main bacterial diseases in Icelandic aquaculture are furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and vibriosis. Atypical furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes is an endemic disease causing high mortality in salmonids yearly. Classical furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida was first diagnosed in Iceland in 1995. At Keldur the research focus has been on studying the virulence mechanism of A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes, the immune response evoked in the fish, and vaccine development. Farmed salmonids have been vaccinated with good results against atypical furunculosis with an autogenous bacterin since 1992. Recent results indicate some crossprotection of the autogenous bacterin of A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes against classical furunculosis. BKD caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum is another endemic disease in Iceland. An intensive program for brood fish screening has been developed. Fertilized eggs from all infected parents are destroyed which has proved to be highly successful for controlling BKD. ELIS A and PCR methods for rapid diagnosis have been developed. BKD in wild stocks of trout is presently being studied. A variety of Vibrio spp. strains have been isolated from skin lesions of infected salmon. Antibiotics and autogeneous vaccines have been used for disease control with good results. Enteric redmouth disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri has once been diagnosed from farmed salmon in 1990.
Helstu bakteríusjúkdómar í fiski á Íslandi eru kýlaveikibróðir, kýlaveiki, nýrnaveiki og víbríuveiki. Kýlaveikibróðir af völdum achromogene sem er undirtegund Aeromonas salmonicida, er landlægur sjúkdómur hér og sá bakteríusjúkdómur sem mestum skaða hefur valdið í íslensku fiskeldi. Klassísk kýlaveiki af völdum salmonicida sem er undirtegund A. salmonicida greindist í fyrsta sinn sumarið 1995. Á Keldum hefur verið lögð áhersla á að rannsaka sýkingarmátt undirtegundarinnar achromogenes, ónæmisviðbrögð í laxi og þróun bóluefnis gegn kýlaveikibróður. Laxfiskar í eldi hafa síðustu þrjú ár verið bólusettir gegn kýlaveikibróður með góðum árangri. Niðurstöður nýlegrar rannsóknar sýna að bóluefni gegn kýlaveikibróður veita nokkra vörn gegn kýlaveikismiti bæði í bleikju og laxi. Á Keldum er nú unnið að rannsókn á vörn mismunandi bóluefna gegn kýlaveiki og kýlaveikibróður. Nýrnaveiki af völdum Renibacterium salmoninarum er annar landlægur sjúkdómur í íslenskum laxfiskum. Forvarnaraðgerðir sem eru árangursríkar gegn smitdreifingu hafa verið þróaðar. Hraðvirk ELISA og PCR greiningarpróf hafa verið þróuð. Unnið er að könnun á tíðni nýrnaveiki í villtum silungastofnum. Nokkrir mismunandi stofnar af ættkvíslinni Vibrio hafa greinst úr roðsárum á eldislaxi. Sýklalyf og sérlöguð (autogeneous) bóluefni hafa verið notuð gegn sýkingum með góðum árangri. Rauðmunnaveiki af völdum Yersinia ruckeri hefur aðeins einu sinni verið greind (1990) í eldislaxi á Íslandi.
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