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Heilahimnubólga af völdum baktería hjá fullorðnum á Íslandi : yfirlit 20 ára

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Authors
Bryndís Sigurðardóttir
Ólafur Már Björnsson
Kristín Jónsdóttir
Helga Erlendsdóttir
Sigurður Guðmundsson
Útgáfudagur
1995-08-01

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Önnur málmynd
Acute bacterial meningitis in adults, a 20 year overview
Citation
Læknablaðið 1995, 81(10):594-604
Útdráttur
Introduction: Although acute bacterial meningitis is most common among children, the disease nevertheless poses serious problems in the adult population. However, most clinical overviews of the disease have either focused on children or all age groups combined. Subjects and methods: Information on all patients 5=16 years of age diagnosed in Iceland during the years 1975-1994 was collected from patient records from 10 hospitals and the records of the Dept. of Microbiology at the University Hospital which processes all bacterial isolates from the CSF identified in the country. Results: One hundred thirty six patients were identified, but complete records were found for 123 patients. Yearly incidence ranged from 1.7-7.2/100,000 inhabitants with a mean of 3.8/100,000. The most common causative organisms were Neisseria meningitidis (54%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%), Listeria monocytogenes (6%) and Haemophilus influenzae (5%). The relative incidence of N. meningitidis was dependent on age, the organism caused 93% of infections in the 16-20 year age group, whereas only 25% of infections in subjects 3=45 years of age were due to meningococci. On the other hand, the relative incidence of S. pneumoniae did increase from 2% in the younger age group to 37% in the older subjects. L. monocytogenes caused 14% of cases among patients 3=45 years of age. The mean mortality was 19.1% and did not change significantly during the study period. A significant underlying illness or condition was present in 39% of the patients. During the first third of the study period penicillin or ampicillin alone or in combination with chloramphenicol were used as initial empiric therapy in 76% of cases, wheras during the last third of the period these agents were used initially in 24% of patients. The third generation cephalosporins either alone or in combination were instead employed for empiric treatment in almost two-thirds of the patients. Conclusions: Meningococci were the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults in Iceland during the study period, albeit age dependent, and causing only a fourth of infections in patients 3=45 years of age. Mortality did not change during the period. The third generation cephalosporins are now the most commonly used agents for empiric therapy.
Inngangur: Þótt heilahimnubólga af völdum baktería sé algengust hjá börnum er sjúkdómurinn einnig alvarlegt vandamál hjá þeim sem eldri eru. Lítið hefur hins vegar verið fjallað um sjúkdóminn hjá unglingum og fullorðnum sérstaklega. Aðferdir: Upplýsingar um sjúkdómsferil fólks 16 ára og eldri sem greindist með heilahimnubólgu af völdum baktería eða meningókokkablóðsýkingu á árunum 1975-1994 voru fengnar úr sjúkraskrám 10 sjúkrahúsa í landinu og skrám sýklafræðideildar Landspítalans. Niðurstöður: Skrár sýklafræðideildar höfðu að geyma upplýsingar um 136 tilfelli. Sjúkraskrár 123 þeirra fundust og byggjast niðurstöður um sjúkdómsferil á þeim að undanskildum nýgengitölum, orsakavöldum og dánartíðni. Nýgengi sjúkdómsins sveiflaöist milli 1,7 til 7,2/ 100.000 íbúa á ári eða að meðaltali 3,8/100.000 íbúa á tímabilinu. Langalgengasta orsök sjúkdómsins var Neisseria meningitidis (54%) í öllum aldurshópum, en þar næst Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%), Listeria monocytogenes (6%) og Haemophilus influenzae (4%). Hlutur N. meningitidis minnkaöi þó marktækt eftir því sem folk eltist, það er úr 93% sýkinga í aldurshópnum 16-20 ára, í 25% í sjúklingum eldri en 45 ára (p<0,001) en hlutfall S. pneumoniae jókst úr2% í 37% (p<0,001). L. monocytogenes olli 14% tilvika hjá fólki 45 ára og eldra. Dánartíðni var að meöaltali 19,1% og breyttist ekki marktækt á tímabilinu. Einhvern tengdan sjúkdóm höfðu 39% sjúklinganna þegar þeir sýktust. Á fyrstu sex árum tímabilsins fengu 76% sjúklinganna penicillin eða ampicillín í upphafsmeðferð, eitt sér eða með klóramfenikóli, en einungis 24% á seinustu átta árum. Í staðinn fengu nær tveir þriðju hlutar þeirra cefalósporín af þriðju kynslóð sem upphafsmeðferð. Ályktanir: Meningókokkar voru algengustu orsakavaldar heilahimnubólgu af völdum baktería í unglingum og fullorðnum hér á landi á umræddu tímabili, en þar á eftir fylgdu S. pneumoniae og L. monocytogenes. Dánartíðni hefur nánast ekkert breyst og er enn há (~20%). Upphafslyfjameðferð nú er oftast cefalósporín af þriðju kynslóð en var áður penicillin eða ampicillín.
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