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Vímuefnanotkun unglinga : áhættuþættir og áhrif fræðslu

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Authors
Þórarinn Gíslason
Aldís Yngvadóttir
Bryndís Benediktsdóttir
Issue Date
1994-12-01

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Other Titles
Alcohol consumption, smoking and drug abuse among teenagers — a prospective study
Citation
Læknablaðið 1994, 80(10):540-52
Abstract
Many of the social and health problems of teenagers today are related to the use of intoxicating drugs. In 1990 the use of Lions Quest began in primary schools in Iceland. With Lions Quest the young are taught life skills in order to be helped to live a healthy life without tobacco, alcohol or other intoxicating drugs. The aim of this study, therefore, was to try to determine what factors influence teenage use of intoxicants and whether the attitudes and drug consumption of those teenagers who had participated in Lions Quest were any different from those who had not. The research is a continuation of a comparative study where students were administered questionnaires to ascertain their attitudes toward life and toward the use of intoxicating substances. In 1989 the survey covered 566 students 12-13 years of age and three years later in 1992 reached 500 of the former respondents when they were 15-16 years old. "The schools were chosen such that the study reflected the attitudes of students both in sparsely and in densely settled areas. The study showed that of the 15-16 year olds 18.6% smoked daily, 44.4% had felt the effects of alcohol four times or more, and 5% had a history of repeated drug abuse (cannabis, sniffing solvents, etc.) The use of various intoxicating substances is strongly correlated, a fact that supports the hypothesis that attitudes toward life and conditions that lead to the use of one type of drug also support the use of other drugs. Those teenagers who used drugs had a great deal in common as regards attitudes toward life and the pattern of family relations. They were not as close to their families as were teenagers who did not use drugs, were seldom home in the evening and had few interests in common with their parents. The parents were more often divorced, smoking in the home was more common and alcohol consumption had more frequently caused family problems. These teenagers were more easily influenced, were more dependent on their friends, had less self-confidence, and were less apt to participate in sports and scouts. Their academic presentation was also lower. There was no significant difference in the level of drug use of teenagers who had participated in Lions Quest and those in the control group. Research in other countries has shown that programs of this kind have succeeded well in preventing drug abuse. The reason why the present study did not show the same result may be because teaching materials of this kind are so new to the Icelandic school system and also because the instructional material had not been given a real place in the legally required curriculum at the time the survey was carried out.
Mikið af félagslegum og heilsufarslegum vandamálum ungmenna í dag má tengja vímuefnanotkun þeirra. Margháttuð fræðsla og forvarnastarf gegn vímuefnaneyslu hefur verið reynt hér á landi. Árið 1990 var byrjað að nota námsefnið Að ná tökum á tilverunni, Lion Quest (LQ) í nokkrum grunnskólum. Þar er kennd lífsleikni og með þeim hætti reynt að hjálpa unglingunum að lifa heilbrigðu lífi án tóbaks, áfengis og annarra vímugjafa. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar er að reyna að meta hvaða þættir hafa áhrif á vímuefnaneyslu unglinga og hvort viöhorf og neysla þeirra unglinga sem fengið hafa kennslu í LQ sé öðruvísi en þeirra sem ekki hafa fengið þetta námsefni. Rannsóknin er framvirk samanburðarrannsókn þar sem spurningalistar voru lagðir fyrir nemendur til að kanna lífsviðhorf og neyslu á vímuefnum. Könnunin náði til 566 nemenda sem voru 12-13 ára árið 1989 og aftur til 500 þeirra þremur árum seinna eða 1992, er þau voru 15-16 ára. Skólarnir voru þannig valdir að könnunin endurspeglaði bæði dreif- og þéttbýli. Rannsóknin leiöir í ljós að vímuefnanotkun í öllum myndum eykst fremur meðal íslenskra ungmenna og færist neðar í aldurshópinn. Meðal 15-16 ára unglinga reyktu 18,6% daglega, 44,4% höfðu fundið á sér fjórum sinnum eða oftar og 5% höfðu sögu um endurtekna vímuefnaneyslu (kannabis, sniff og fleira). Veruleg fylgni er milli neyslu hinna ýmsu vímuefna, sem styður þær hugmyndir að lífsviðhorf og aðstæður sem leiða til neyslu einnar tegundar vímuefnis stuðli að neyslu annarra efna líka. Margt virðist sameiginlegt í lífsviðhorfum og fjöldskyldumynstri þeirra unglinga sem ánetjast vímuefnum. Þeir eru ekki eins tengdir fjölskyldu sinni, eru sjaldnar heima á kvöldin og eiga fá áhugamál sameiginleg með foreldrum sínum. Foreldrarnir eru oftar fráskildir, reykingar algengari á heimilum og algengara að áfengisneysla hafi valdið vandræðum á heimilinu. Þessir unglingar eru áhrifagjarnari, háðari vinum sínum, hafa minna sjálfstraust og taka síður þátt í félagsstarfi og íþróttum. Námsárangur þeirra er slakari. Ekki kom fram marktækur munur á vímuefnaneyslu þeirra 280 unglinga sem fengið höfðu LQ námsefnið miðað við samanburðarhópinn. Erlendar rannsóknir hafa sýnt að námsefni af þessu tagi hefur reynst vel í forvarnastarfi gegn vímuefnum. Hvers vegna þessi rannsókn leiðir ekki í ljós þennan árangur gæti stafað af því hversu nýtt og framandi þessi tegund af námsefni er fyrir íslenskt skólakerfi. Líka af því að námsefninu hafði ekki verið ætlaður sess meðal lögboðinna kennslugreina á þeim tíma sem könnunin fór fram og einungis notaður hluti af námsefninu.
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