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Töfratalan 13+/-0 : sérfræðingar í bridge og leikmenn

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Authors
Fjölvar Darri Rafnsson
Matthías Þorvaldsson
Sveinbjörn Kristjánsson
Issue Date
2003

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Sálfræðiritið 2003, 8:73-81
Abstract
Hér var reynt að komast að því hvort sérfræðingar í bridge væru leikmönnum fremri í meðferð talna. Svartími við samlagningu og skyld verkefni var athugaður. Einnig var minni þessara hópa kannað við upprifjun flokkaðra og óflokkaðra spila. Þátttakendur voru 18 háskólanemar og níu sérfræðingar í brids. Tilgátur voru þrjár. (1) Sérfræðingar eru hraðari en leikmenn í meðferð talna vegna ólíkrar úrvinnslu upplýsinga (2) Vegna sérstöðu tölunnar „13" í bridge verður munur hópanna mestur þegar unnið er með töluna „13". (3) Sérfræðingar sýna betri frammistöðu en leikmenn við upprifjun flokkaðra spila, en ekki óflokkaðra. Tilgáturnar voru studdar. Niðurstöðurnar eru í samræmi við hugmyndina um bútun (chunking) og fagkenninguna um minni (skilled memory theory). Munur á frammistöðu sérfræðinga og leikmanna er skýrður með meiri þekkingu sérfræðinga á sínu sviði en ekki því að skammtímaminni (STM) þeirra sé betra en leikmanna.
Research in psychology has shown that there can be considerable differences in the cognitive processing of experts and novices. Our research addressed the question of what can explain these differences. We compared the response time of nine experts in bridge and 18 novices when summing up numbers and doing other related tasks. In addition, memory-based retrieval was assessed with sorted and unsorted cards. It was hypothesized that (1) experts in bridge have shorter reaction time than novices due to differences in processing information, (2) the most difference between experts and novices in processing numbers will be related to the number "13" and (3) experts show exceptional performance with retrieval of sorted cards but not with unsorted cards. Support was found for all hypotheses. Results were interpreted in terms of the idea of chunking and skilled memory theory. The findings can be explained in terms of the experts having acquired much more knowledge in their field rather than any significant differences in short-term memory.
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Icelandic Journal Articles (Peer Reviewed)

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